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Class 4–10 English Grammar · Chapter 3: Adjectives

Master Adjectives & Rules
विशेषण के प्रकार, स्थिति और क्रम.

In English grammar, an Adjective (विशेषण) qualifies or describes a noun or pronoun. Here you will learn the 6 Kinds, Active vs Passive Participles (-ing vs -ed), Agreement & Fixed Prepositions, Attributive vs Predicative Position, Link Verbs vs Action Verbs, Meaning Shifts (small farmer, early/late), and Order of Adjectives (OSASCOMP + little/old/young) with 20 practice examples and a 15-minute 30-question proctored test.

Read Rules & 20 Examples →

The Golden Rules

Form, Position & Order!
• Participles: -ing causes effect (boring, tiring); -ed experiences effect (bored, tired).
• Agreement: Only this/that become these/those; adjectives never take plural -s.
• Link Verbs: Take adjectives, not adverbs (He looked calm ✓, NOT calmly).
• Predicative Only: afraid, asleep, alone, alive never precede nouns.
• Order: Size → Quality → Age/Little → Shape → Colour → Material → Origin → Purpose.
Unit 01 · Fundamentals

1. Kinds of Adjectives & Participles (विशेषण के प्रकार और कृदंत)

A. Six Main Kinds of Adjectives (विशेषण के छह भेद)

Core Concept
👉 विस्तृत अवधारणा (Detailed Breakdown):
1. Demonstrative (संकेतवाचक): किसी निश्चित वस्तु या व्यक्ति की ओर इशारा — this, that, these, those.
2. Distributive (विभागसूचक): समूह के प्रत्येक का अलग-अलग बोध — each, every, either, neither.
3. Quantitative (परिमाण व संख्यावाचक): मात्रा या संख्या — some, any, no; little, few; many, much; one, twenty.
4. Interrogative (प्रश्नवाचक): संज्ञा के साथ प्रश्न पूछना — which, what, whose.
5. Possessive (संबंधसूचक): स्वामित्व या अपनापन — my, your, his, her, its, our, their.
6. Of Quality (गुणवाचक): रंग, रूप, आकार, स्वभाव या गुण — clever, dry, fat, golden, good, heavy, square.
Kind of Adjectiveपरिभाषा (Meaning)Textbook Examplesपहचान नियम
Demonstrativeनिश्चित व्यक्ति/वस्तु की ओर इशाराthis book, that man, these catsThis/that का बहुवचन these/those
Distributiveसमूह के प्रत्येक का अलग बोधeach boy, every day, either sideहमेशा एकवचन संज्ञा के साथ
Quantitativeमात्रा या संख्या का बोधsome water, much sugar, few friendsCountable (few, many) vs Uncountable (little, much)
Interrogativeसंज्ञा के साथ प्रश्न पूछनाwhich boy, what question, whose dogसंज्ञा के ठीक पहले प्रयुक्त
Possessiveअधिकार व संबंध दर्शानाmy brother, your car, their houseसंज्ञा से पहले (Pronouns से अलग)
Of Qualityरंग, आकार, गुण व स्थितिclever girl, heavy box, golden ringAttributive व Predicative दोनों संभव

B. Participles as Adjectives: Present (-ing) vs Past (-ed)

Active vs Passive
👉 सक्रिय बनाम निष्क्रिय का नियम (Active vs Passive):
• Present Participle (-ing): Active (सक्रिय), 'having this effect' (कारण/प्रभावक)।
• Past Participle (-ed): Passive (निष्क्रिय), 'affected in this way' (असर महसूस करने वाला)।
Present Participle (-ing) [Active: प्रभावक]Past Participle (-ed) [Passive: प्रभावित]व्याख्या
The play was boring. (नाटक उबाऊ था) The audience was bored. (दर्शक ऊब गए) -ing कारक है, -ed वह अवस्था है जो दर्शक ने महसूस की।
The work was tiring. (काम थका देने वाला था) The workers were soon tired. (मज़दूर थक गए) काम में थकाने का गुण (-ing); मज़दूर थके हुए थे (-ed)।
The scene was horrifying. (दृश्य डरावना था) The spectators were horrified. (दर्शक भयभीत हुए) दृश्य ने डर पैदा किया (-ing); दर्शकों पर डर का असर हुआ (-ed)।
An infuriating woman (गुस्सा दिलाने वाली) An infuriated woman (क्रोधित महिला) Infuriating: उसने हमें गुस्सा दिलाया; Infuriated: वह स्वयं गुस्से में है।
Unit 02 · Agreement & Prepositions

2. Agreement & Fixed Prepositions

A. Agreement of Adjectives: Rule of Invariance

Core Rule
👉 अपरिवर्तनशीलता का नियम:
अंग्रेज़ी में विशेषण एकवचन/बहुवचन या लिंग के अनुसार अपना रूप कभी नहीं बदलते:
• a good boy → good boys (कभी 'goods boys' न लिखें ✗)
• a clever girl → clever girls (कभी 'clevers girls' न लिखें ✗)

⚠️ एकमात्र अपवाद: this/that बदलकर these/those हो जाते हैं:
• this cat → these cats | that man → those men.

B. Adjectives Followed by Fixed Prepositions

Fixed Prepositions
Adjective + PrepositionMeaningExample
good atकिसी काम/विषय में निपुण होनाShe is good at mathematics.
tired ofकिसी बात से ऊब या तंग आ जानाI am tired of your excuses.
afraid ofकिसी चीज़ से डरनाThe child is afraid of dogs.
fond ofशौकीन होना / पसंद करनाShe is fond of music.
interested inरुचि रखनाAre you interested in art?
proud ofगर्व महसूस करनाThey are proud of their son.
Unit 03 · Position & Copulas

3. Attributive vs Predicative & Link Verbs

A. Attributive Position vs Predicative Position

Position 1 & 2
👉 1. Attributive: संज्ञा से ठीक पहले (a rich man, this book, my dog)।
👉 2. Predicative: लिंकिंग क्रिया के बाद (Tom became rich. Ann seems happy. The soup smells delicious)।

B. Link Verb + Adjective vs Action Verb + Adverb Trap

High-Yield Trap
⚠️ सावधानी: जब क्रिया सक्रिय शारीरिक कार्य (deliberate action) दर्शाती है, तो Adverb आता है। जब अवस्था या रूप दर्शाती है, तो Adjective आता है।
VerbLink Verb + Adjective (अवस्था / रूप)Action Verb + Adverb (सक्रिय क्रिया / ढंग)
look He looked calm. (शांत दिख रहा था) He looked calmly at the crowd. (शांतिपूर्वक देखा)
turn She turned pale. (रंग पीला पड़ गया) He turned angrily to the man. (गुस्से से मुड़ा)
taste The soup tasted horrible. (स्वाद घटिया था) He tasted the soup suspiciously. (शक से चखा)
feel Tom felt cold. (ठंड लगी) The doctor felt the pulse carefully. (सावधानी से नब्ज़ जाँची)
Unit 04 · Position Traps

4. Meaning Shifts, Position Traps & 'And'

A. Meaning Shifts & Context Nuances

Context Shifts
• a small farmer: छोटे खेत का मालिक (a man with a small farm)।
• The farmer is small: शारीरिक कद में नाटा/छोटा व्यक्ति (small in stature)।
• an old friend: पुराना मित्र जिसे बहुत वर्षों से जानते हैं।
• The friend is old: उम्र में वृद्ध मित्र।
• early/late train: सुबह या देर रात चलने वाली निर्धारित ट्रेन।

B. Attributive-Only vs Predicative-Only

Position Traps
वर्गशब्दनियमअशुद्ध ✗
Attributive ONLY chief, main, principal, sheer, utter केवल संज्ञा से पहले: the main reason, sheer luck The reason is main ✗
Predicative ONLY afraid, asleep, alike, alive, alone केवल क्रिया के बाद: The baby is asleep. an asleep baby ✗ (use sleeping)
Both Allowed frightened a frightened child ✓ / The child was frightened ✓ afraid संज्ञा से पहले नहीं आ सकता
Unit 05 · Word Order

5. Order of Adjectives (विशेषणों का सही क्रम)

A. OSASCOMP Standard Order & Personality

Sequence
(a) Size: long, short, big → (b) Quality/Opinion: sharp, elegant → (c) Age: old, new, little → (d) Shape: round, square → (e) Colour: blue, red → (f) Material: velvet, wooden → (g) Origin: French, Indian → (h) Purpose: walking stick.
👉 Personality: (suspicious, patient) शारीरिक रूप-रंग के बाद, लेकिन रंगों के पहले आते हैं: an inquisitive brown dog.

B. Little/Old/Young & Pretty Adverb

Special Rules
• little + old + noun संभव है: a little old lady ✓
• little + young कभी संभव नहीं: (a little young man ✗)
• Pretty बिना कॉमा: She is a pretty tall girl = quite / very tall (Adverb of degree)!
30 Questions · Strict 15-Minute Exam

Final 30-Question Adjectives Test

This test assesses your mastery of all 5 Units. As soon as you click start, a 15:00 countdown timer begins. When time expires, your test will Auto Submit.