Class 6–12 English Grammar · Advanced Adjective Usages
Usage & Advanced Constructions
विशेषणों के प्रयोग और उन्नत वाक्य-संरचनाएँ.
In advanced English grammar, adjectives do far more than modify nouns. Master how adjectives combine with one/ones, when they function as pronouns, the delicate affirmative restrictions of many and much, intricate infinitive complements (it was kind of you vs good for you), and sophisticated that-clause, prepositional & modal patterns (due to vs owing to, certain to vs certain that, likely vs possible, aware vs conscious) — सरल हिंदी समझ, 20 कॉन्सेप्ट उदाहरणों तथा 15-मिनट के 30-प्रश्नों के क्वालिटी टेस्ट के साथ सीखें।
उन्नत विशेषण प्रयोग (Exam Essentials):
• Many / Much in Affirmative: कर्म के स्थान पर अकेले many/much से बचें; a lot of / a great deal of का प्रयोग करें जब तक कि so/as/too या a good many न लगा हो।
• Character vs Sense:It was kind of you to help (दयालुता), लेकिन It's good for you to exercise (स्वास्थ्यवर्धक)।
• Likely vs Possible: हम कह सकते हैं He is likely to come ✓, परंतु कभी न कहें He is possible to come ✗!
• Due to vs Owing to: वाक्य के आरंभ में Owing to आता है; Due to से पूर्व क्रिया (be) आती है।
Unit 01 · Reference & Substitution
1. Adjectives + one/ones & Adjectives as Pronouns (Section 24)
A. Adjectives + one/ones (संज्ञा दोहराने से बचना)
Core Pattern
👉 सरल समझ (Simple Hindi Explanation):
अंग्रेज़ी में जब किसी संज्ञा (noun) का उल्लेख पहले हो चुका हो, तो उसे दोबारा दोहराने से बचने के लिए एकवचन में one और बहुवचन में ones का प्रयोग विशेषण (adjective) के साथ किया जाता है:
• Don't buy the expensive apples; get the cheaper ones. (महंगे सेब मत खरीदो; सस्ते वाले खरीद लो।)
• Hard beds are healthier than soft ones. (कठोर बिस्तर नरम बिस्तरों की तुलना में अधिक स्वास्थ्यवर्धक होते हैं।)
• I lost my old camera; this is a new one. (मेरा पुराना कैमरा खो गया; यह एक नया वाला है।)
• संख्या + विशेषण + ones:If you haven't got a big plate, two small ones will do. (यदि बड़ी प्लेट नहीं है, तो दो छोटी प्लेटों से काम चल जाएगा।)
Adjective + One/Ones
Hindi Meaning
Sentence Example
Pronounce 🔊
the cheaper ones
सस्ते वाले (बहुवचन)
Get the cheaper ones.
soft ones
नरम वाले (beds के लिए)
Hard beds are healthier than soft ones.
a new one
एक नया वाला (camera के लिए)
This is a new one.
two small ones
दो छोटी वाली प्लेटें
Two small ones will do.
B. Adjectives Used as Pronouns (बिना Noun के Pronoun के रूप में विशेषण)
Special Pronoun Usages
👉 विशेष सर्वनाम प्रयोग:
1. first / second / third / last: इन्हें 'one/ones' के साथ या बिना 'one' के सीधे सर्वनाम की तरह प्रयोग कर सकते हैं:
• Which train did you catch? ~ I caught the first (one).
2. the + superlative / comparative:
• The eldest was only ten. (सबसे बड़ा केवल दस वर्ष का था।)
• औपचारिक अंग्रेज़ी में दो के बीच: Which (of these two) is the stronger? (अनौपचारिक में superlative 'strongest' भी चल जाता है).
3. घोड़ों के रंगों का विशेष बहुवचन (Colours of horses):
घोड़ों के रंग जैसे bay (भूरा-लाल), chestnut (बादामी), grey (सफ़ेद-धूसर) सीधे सर्वनाम बन जाते हैं और बहुवचन में '-s' लेते हैं:
• Everyone expected the chestnut to win. (बादामी घोड़ा जीतेगा।)
• The coach was drawn by four greys. (= four grey horses).
Unit 02 · Quantity & Affirmative Restrictions
2. Many and Much: Adjectives & Pronouns (Section 25)
A. Many (Countable) vs Much (Uncountable) & Pronoun Forms
Fundamental Rule
• many: गणनीय बहुवचन संज्ञाओं (countable plural nouns) से पूर्व — many mistakes, many letters.
• much: अगणनीय संज्ञाओं (uncountable nouns) से पूर्व — much coffee, much free time, much fruit.
• दोनों के comparative व superlative रूप समान होते हैं: more और most.
• सर्वनाम के रूप में प्रयोग:
• He gets a lot of letters but she doesn't get many.
• You have a lot of free time but I haven't much.
B. Affirmative Restrictions: a good many, so/as/too & a lot of
Exam Favorite
⚠️ परीक्षा का सख्त नियम (Affirmative Restrictions):
सकारात्मक (affirmative) वाक्यों में अकेले 'many' या 'much' कर्म के रूप में नहीं आते! इनके नियम इस प्रकार हैं:
1. a good / a great many:I made a good many friends there. ✓
2. so / as / too के साथ:He has had so many jobs; She read as much as she could; They drink too much. ✓
3. अकेले होने पर: कर्म (object) के स्थान पर many की जगह a lot / lots of (+ noun) और much की जगह a great deal of / a lot of (+ noun) अनिवार्य है!
• नकारात्मक: He hasn't won many races. ✓
• सकारात्मक: You've won a lot of races / a great many races. ✓ (NOT won many races ✗)
4. औपचारिक कर्ता (Formal Subject):Much will depend on what the minister says.
A. it + be + adjective + of/for + infinitive (Character vs Sense)
Structural Patterns
👉 1. Omission of 'it + be': find/think/believe के बाद हटा सकते हैं:
• He found that it was impossible to study at home = He found it impossible to study at home.
👉 2. Character (चरित्र) vs Sense (बुद्धिमत्ता):
• Character (kind, generous, brave, cruel, mean, rude):It was kind of you to help him.
• Sense/Wisdom (clever, foolish, sensible, silly, stupid):It was stupid (of them) to leave bicycles outside.
⚠️ Good of you vs Good for you:
• It was good of you to come = kind of you (आपकी दयालुता/कृपा).
• It is good for you to exercise = beneficial / healthy (आपके स्वास्थ्य के लिए लाभकारी).
B. Advisability vs Difficulty/Safety & The 'Possible' Exception Trap
Trap Alert
⚠️ Difficulty & Safety Adjectives Conversion (The 'Possible' Trap):easy, hard, difficult, safe, dangerous में वाक्य के कर्म (object) को कर्ता बनाकर लिखा जा सकता है:
• This cake is easy to make. (= It is easy to make this cake.) ✓
• The instructions were hard to follow. ✓
• This car isn't safe to drive. ✓
🔥 CRITICAL TRAP:possible का प्रयोग इस रूप में कभी नहीं हो सकता!
✗ This task is possible to do. (COMPLETELY UNGRAMMATICAL!)
✓ It is possible to do this task. (Correct)
Unit 04 · Clauses & Prepositions
4. Due, Certain, Bound, Afraid & Sorry (Section 27 A & B)
A. Due, Due to vs Owing to, Certain to vs That & Confident Trap
High Yield Exam Section
👉 सटीक नियम और अंतर:
• due (समय): नियत समय पर — The race is due to start in ten minutes.
• due to vs owing to: वाक्य के आरंभ में Owing to ('because of') आता है: Owing to his carelessness we had an accident. क्रिया के बाद due to आता है: The accident was due to carelessness.
• certain / sure / bound to + inf:वक्ता (speaker) का विश्वास दर्शाता है (Tom is certain to win = Speaker feels sure).
• certain / sure + that-clause:कर्ता (subject) का अपना विश्वास (Tom is sure that he will win).
• ⚠️ confident that: इसके बाद कभी infinitive नहीं आ सकता! (Tom is confident that he will win ✓; NOT confident to win ✗).
• bound + inf: कानूनी या नैतिक दायित्व (bound to supply the materials).
B. afraid of vs afraid to; ashamed of vs to; sorry for / about
Preposition Patterns
👉 अर्थ के सूक्ष्म अंतर:
• afraid of + gerund/noun: अनचाही अनहोनी का भय — She is afraid of heights / of falling.
• afraid to + inf: डर के मारे काम न करना या कतराना — She was afraid to speak. (डर के मारे बोली ही नहीं).
• ashamed to + inf: शर्म के मारे वह काम न करना — I'd be ashamed to take his money.
• sorry for breaking: माफी मांगना (apology).
• sorry about your window: खेद/सहानुभूति (regret).
• sorry for Peter: पीटर की दुर्दशा पर दया/सहानुभूति (pity/sympathy).
A. Anxious (about vs to) & Lucky / Fortunate (that vs to)
Emotions & Fortune
👉 Anxious:
• anxious about = चिंतित/परेशान (worried): “I'm anxious about Tom.”
• anxious to + inf = तीव्र इच्छा होना (desire strongly): “I'm anxious to see the Carnival.”
• औपचारिक: The committee is anxious that this matter should be kept secret.
👉 Lucky / Fortunate:
• It's lucky that Tom has a car. = यह अच्छी बात है (It's a good thing).
• He's lucky to have a car. = कर्ता का व्यक्तिगत सौभाग्य (his personal good fortune).
B. Likely (Subject + infinitive) vs Possible/Probable & Conscious
The 'Likely' Super-Power
🔥 'Likely' की विशेष शक्ति:
तीनों विशेषण It's possible / probable / likely that... ले सकते हैं।
परंतु केवल likely ही कर्ता से शुरू होकर infinitive ले सकता है:
• He is quite likely to come today. ✓
• He is possible to come today. ✗ (अशुद्ध!)
• 'May' का प्रश्नवाचक रूप: चूँकि संभावना के लिए 'May he come?' नहीं पूछा जाता, इसलिए अंग्रेज़ी में कहते हैं: Is he likely to ring today?
👉 Conscious का शारीरिक अर्थ (Physical Meaning):
जब 'conscious' बिना of/that के अकेले आता है, तो इसका अर्थ होश में होना (awake, not unconscious) होता है:
• I had only a local anaesthetic. I was conscious the whole time. (मैं पूरे समय होश में था।)
30 Questions · Strict 15-Minute Exam
Final 30-Question Adjectives Test
यह परीक्षा-स्तरीय टेस्ट Usage and Advanced Constructions of Adjectives की सभी 5 इकाइयों (One/Ones, Many/Much, Infinitives, Due/Certain/Afraid, और Likely/Conscious) का मूल्यांकन करता है। इसमें 15 मिनट का उल्टी गिनती टाइमर (15:00) है। समय समाप्त होते ही टेस्ट स्वतः सबमिट (Auto Submit) हो जाएगा।