Class 4–10 English Grammar · Chapter 2: Comparison of Adjectives

Comparison of Adjectives
विशेषणों की तुलना और प्रयोग.

In English grammar, adjectives change form to show Comparison (तुलना) across three degrees: Positive (मूल रूप), Comparative (दो के बीच तुलना), and Superlative (सर्वोच्च अवस्था). इस अध्याय में Rules of Formation (-er/-est, more/most, consonant doubling), Irregular Forms (farther/further, elder/older), Key Structures (as...as, not as/so...as, than), Advanced Patterns (the bigger the better, colder and colder, like vs as), और 'The + Adjective' Plural Meanings (the poor get poorer) को 20 कॉन्सेप्ट उदाहरणों तथा 15-मिनट के 30-प्रश्नों के क्वालिटी टेस्ट के साथ सीखें।

Read Complete Rules & 20 Examples →

The Golden Rules

3 Degrees & Precision!

तुलना के आधारभूत नियम (Exam Essentials):
• 3 Degrees: Dark → darker → darkest; Useful → more useful → most useful.
• Farther vs Further: Farther = केवल भौतिक दूरी; Further = दूरी + अतिरिक्त/आगे का (further supplies, further enquiries).
• Elder vs Older: Elder = परिवार में वरिष्ठता; इसके बाद 'than' कभी नहीं आता! (Say He is older than I am ✓).
• The + Adjective: हमेशा बहुवचन क्रिया लेता है (The poor get poorer; the rich get richer).

Unit 01 · Fundamentals

1. Degrees of Comparison & Rules of Formation (तुलना की तीन अवस्थाएँ)

A. Three Degrees of Comparison & One-Syllable Adjectives

Core Formation

👉 सरल समझ (Simple Hindi Explanation):
1. Positive Degree (मूल अवस्था): सामान्य गुण, कोई तुलना नहीं — Dark, Tall, Hot.
2. Comparative Degree (तुलनात्मक अवस्था): दो के बीच तुलना — Darker, Taller, Hotter.
3. Superlative Degree (सर्वोच्च अवस्था): सब में सर्वश्रेष्ठ/सर्वोच्च — Darkest, Tallest, Hottest.

• Ending in 'e': केवल '-r' और '-st' जोड़ें (brave → braver → bravest; fine → finer → finest).
• Consonant Doubling (व्यंजन दोहराने का नियम): एक शब्दांश + छोटा स्वर + एक व्यंजन → अंतिम व्यंजन दोहरा: hot → hotter → hottest; big → bigger → biggest; thin → thinner → thinnest.

Positive (मूल)	Comparative (तुलना)	Superlative (सर्वोच्च)
dark (अंधेरा)	darker	darkest
brave (बहादुर - ends in e)	braver	bravest
hot (गर्म - doubling)	hotter	hottest
tall (लंबा)	taller	tallest

B. Two-Syllable and Three or More Syllables (2 & 3+ Syllable Rules)

Prefix vs Suffix

👉 नियम व वर्गीकरण (Syllable Breakdown):
1. Three or More Syllables (3+ शब्दांश): 'more' और 'most' लगाएं:
• intelligent → more intelligent → most intelligent
• convenient → more convenient → most convenient

2. Two-Syllable Adjectives (2 शब्दांश):
• Ending in '-ful' or '-re': 'more' व 'most' (doubtful → more doubtful; useful → more useful).
• Ending in '-er', '-y', or '-ly': '-er' व '-est', और 'y' बदलकर 'i' (clever → cleverer; pretty → prettier).
• Dual Forms (दोनों रूप मान्य): polite → politer / more polite; gentle → gentler / more gentle; simple; quiet.

Unit 02 · Irregular Forms

2. Irregular Comparisons & Specific Nuances (अनियमित तुलना और सूक्ष्म नियम)

A. The Irregular Adjectives Table & Far/Near Limits

Memorize Table

Positive (मूल)	Comparative	Superlative	Grammar Scope & Usage
bad (बुरा)	worse	worst	कभी 'badder' या 'worser' न लिखें ✗
good / well (अच्छा)	better	best	अच्छा/सर्वोत्तम
little (मात्रा)	less	least	मात्रात्मक कमी (less = कम, least = सबसे कम)
many / much	more	most	many (संख्या) और much (मात्रा) दोनों का रूप 'more/most'
far (दूर)	farther / further	farthest / furthest	Farther = दूरी; Further = दूरी + अतिरिक्त विचार
old (वृद्ध/पुराना)	elder / older	eldest / oldest	Elder = परिवार में वरिष्ठता; Older = सामान्य उम्र

👉 Far व Near का सीमित Positive प्रयोग:
• Positive degree में far और near मुख्य रूप से bank, end, side, wall के साथ आते हैं (the far bank, the near bank).
• अन्य संज्ञाओं के साथ far की जगह distant या remote आता है और near की जगह nearby या neighbouring आता है।

B. Farther vs Further & Elder vs Older (The 'Than' Trap!)

Exam Favorite

⚠️ परीक्षा का सबसे बड़ा जाल (High-Yield Traps): • Farther vs Further: भौगोलिक दूरी के लिए दोनों सही हैं (York is farther/further than Lincoln)। परंतु 'अतिरिक्त / आगे का' (additional / extra) दर्शाने के लिए केवल further आता है (further supplies, further enquiries).
• Elder vs Older: elder परिवार में वरिष्ठता दर्शाता है (my elder brother)। परंतु elder के बाद कभी भी 'than' नहीं आता!
✓ He is older than I am. (Correct)
✗ He is elder than I am. (Incorrect!)

Unit 03 · Sentence Structures

3. Constructions with Comparisons (वाक्य संरचनाएँ और तुलना के नियम)

A. Positive (as...as, not as/so...as) and Comparative with 'Than'

Basic Structures

👉 संरचनाएँ और उदाहरण:
• Affirmative (सकारात्मक): as ... as: He was as white as a sheet.
• Negative (नकारात्मक): not as ... as या not so ... as दोनों मान्य हैं: Manslaughter is not as/so bad as murder.
• Comparative with 'than': The new tower blocks are much higher than the old buildings.
• Transformation Meaning: “He is stronger than I expected” = “I didn't expect him to be so strong.”

B. Superlative Degree with 'Ever' and 'Most' Without 'The' (= Very)

Superlative Secrets

👉 Superlative के विशेष नियम:
• Place vs Group: स्थान के लिए 'in' (the oldest theatre in London) और समूह के लिए 'of' (the youngest of the family).
• Relative Clause with 'ever': This is the best beer that I have ever drunk. (Comparative: I have never drunk better beer).
• 'Most + Adjective' WITHOUT 'The' = VERY: जब 'most' के पहले 'the' न लगा हो, तो उसका अर्थ 'very' होता है: “You are most kind” = “very kind.”

Unit 04 · Advanced Patterns

4. Advanced Comparative Patterns & Like vs As (उन्नत संरचनाएँ)

A. Parallel Increase (the... the...) & Gradual Change (colder and colder)

Proportional Change

👉 उन्नत संरचनाएँ:
• Parallel Increase: the + comparative ... the + comparative: The bigger the better. / The smaller it is, the less it will cost us.
• Gradual Change: comparative + and + comparative: The weather is getting colder and colder. / He became less and less interested.
• Comparing Actions: Riding a horse is not as easy as riding a motor cycle.

B. Like vs Alike, Like vs As, and Like a Slave vs As a Slave

Crucial Distinction

👉 Like vs As के सटीक नियम:
• Like (Preposition) vs Alike (Adjective): Tom is very like Bill. / Bill and Tom are very alike.
• Like (with Noun/Gerund) vs As (with Finite Verb): He swims like a fish. / Do as Peter does.
• Like a Slave vs As a Slave: He worked like a slave = ढंग (worked very hard). He worked as a slave = वास्तविक हैसियत (he was actually a slave).

Unit 05 · Agreement & Plurals

5. Pronouns, Verb Agreement & 'The + Adjective' (क्रिया संगति व बहुवचन)

A. Than / As + Pronoun + Auxiliary (Formal vs Informal English)

Auxiliary Verbs

👉 क्रिया और सर्वनाम के नियम:
• Auxiliary to avoid repetition: I earn less than he does. (= less than he earns).
• Formal vs Informal Pronouns: Formal (कर्ता रूप): He is taller than I. Informal (कर्म रूप): He is taller than me.

B. 'The + Adjective' with PLURAL Meaning & Exceptions

Always Plural Verb!

👉 मानवीय वर्ग और राष्ट्रीयता (The + Adjective):
• Class of Persons: the poor, the rich, the disabled पूरे वर्ग का बोध कराते हैं, PLURAL क्रिया लेते हैं, और सर्वनाम they होता है:
• The poor get poorer; the rich get richer. ✓ (NOT gets ✗)
• National Adjectives (-ch, -sh): The French like good food. (विशेष दल: The French tourists complained).
• एकवचन अपवाद: the accused (आरोपी व्यक्ति) और the unexpected (अप्रत्याशित घटना)।

30 Questions · Strict 15-Minute Exam

Final 30-Question Adjectives Test

यह परीक्षा-स्तरीय टेस्ट Comparison of Adjectives की सभी 5 इकाइयों का मूल्यांकन करता है। इसमें 15 मिनट का उल्टी गिनती टाइमर (15:00) है। समय समाप्त होते ही टेस्ट स्वतः सबमिट हो जाएगा।

Comparison of Adjectives विशेषणों की तुलना और प्रयोग.